1. Product Structure and Interfacial Engineering

1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System

(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)

Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, creating a metallurgically adhered core-shell style.

The steel core, generally low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical robustness with tensile toughness exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper covering– normally 2– 10% of the total diameter– conveys exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.

The user interface in between steel and copper is vital for efficiency; it is engineered with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to make certain solid attachment and marginal interdiffusion under operational tensions.

Electroplating is the most common approach, supplying accurate density control and uniform insurance coverage on continuous steel filaments drawn through copper sulfate baths.

Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes certain optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination during subsequent processing or service.

With time and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can create fragile iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which may endanger adaptability and long-term integrity– an obstacle reduced by diffusion barriers or fast handling.

1.2 Physical and Functional Residence

CCSFs integrate the most effective features of both basic steels: the high elastic modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the superior conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.

Electric conductivity generally ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending upon finish thickness and pureness, making CCSF substantially more conductive than pure steel fibers (

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